Procrastination Essay - 526 Words

Procrastination Procrastination is the act or habits of putting things off till the end out of laziness. Almost every student knows this dreaded word. They know if it becomes a habit, disaster happens with a sharp decline in school grades. But what they don’t realize is that procrastinating can actually benefit you in school. It can make you work harder, faster, and more efficiently on school assignments. Even life skills in the real world can be created from procrastinating. Procrastination can actually help you work harder, faster, and more efficiently. It sounds like an impossible thing, however if you’re like me or any other person that wants a fairly good mark on the next assignment, procrastinating can help you. While your†¦show more content†¦It actually helps you, because it gives that need of drive to actually still maintain a good mark on it. Efficiency comes in when you have your daily homework piled on to your assignment, the need to get the assignment done kicks in. You will feel less of a need to do other things that you normally do, and cut down on the breaks, including the old rest up and watch TV, one. Also essential life skills in the real world become developed through procrastinating. In the busy world of work, everyone knows that that boss of yours will always set impossible deadlines. The knowing of having to get it done perfectly and fast is always on the employer’s mind. When already experienced through procrastinating, you will already know the field of trying to cram a lot of work into a very little time frame. Procrastination can honestly boast you to higher levels of achievement. It makes you nervous and deadlines will be hanging from your head. It helps set a planning stage for you, and makes you aware of all the other tasks that is needed to be completed. The management of time will also be used. Time managing of what to do first and last including dividing the assignment into steps, or knowing what to do to get the best result within a smaller amount of time is very handy in the feature. This habit is not so dreaded at all. I feel that procrastinating isn’t all that bad, and actually benefits you. Like I said, it givesShow MoreRelatedProcrastination : The Problem Of Procrastination Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesMany people believe that procrastination is derived completely from laziness but the culprit could be multiple things, including perfectionism. This can become a huge problem for perfectionists, especially perfectionist students. They most likely will overthink projects and put off getting started because they’re afraid they won’t be able to make them as perfect as they want them to be. Luckily this is a common issue among students and there are many different techniques to cope with it. StudentsRead MoreProcrastination And Procrastination Is Not My Problem Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of procrastination the first word that comes to most of our minds is lazy. Laziness and procrastination seem to go hand in hand and often procras tination is caused by us simply being lazy. However, procrastination is a chronic and constant problem for many of us and while some of us may also be chronically lazy as well, most of us aren’t. I am, unfortunately, a person that battles procrastination and I can say that laziness is usually not my problem. I believe that procrastination comes downRead More Procrastination Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesto stay committed to doing so because I am a procrastinator. I’ve gotten some help with my procrastination from various web sites. That’s why this evening I would like to talk to you about three important aspects of procrastination. These include the reasons for procrastinating, some symptoms of procrastination, and how to cure procrastination, but first, let me explain what procrastination is. Procrastination, though not officially classified as such, is a complex psychological behavior that affectsRead MoreProcrastination On College Students : Procrastination 2056 Words   |  9 PagesProcrastination in College Writing Out of all of the different questions I could think of regarding writing among college students and how each individual goes about doing their work in different ways, I decided the best topic that I could focus on was procrastination. Procrastination on college campuses seems to be a force of nature in and of itself, and seems to be prevalent in almost every students’ academic affairs. I surveyed a total of twelve students around the student center over a periodRead MorePerfectionism And Procrastination919 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Procrastination is a common form of self-regulatory failure with substantive connections† where the tendency is to put off tasks. (Steel, Farrari, 2013) Perfectionism is when one sets very high expectations often in an â€Å"overly critical manner† (Frost, Marten, Lahart,Rosenblate,1990). There’s two types of perfectionism, adaptive and maladaptive where adaptive components are beneficial to the situational and maladaptive components will be detrimental to the individual. (Piers Steel, Thomas BrothenRead More Procrastination Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pages Procrastination nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. Procrastination has a high potential for painful consequences. It may interfere with our personal or academic success. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; There are those of us who wait until the due date is a day away. I am not talking about making sure the money is in the bank. I am talking about putting it off because it is a tedious chore that we do not enjoy doing. ProcrastinationRead More Procrastination Essays932 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives in your life which can effect others. Procrastination is almost like a drug in your life, because once you start doing it a little bit, it slowly adds up to a dependency that you will find to be common habit. Although this is what we all perceive procrastination to be bad, there are some benefits to it. It can have beneficial impact on how you take pressure, or how well you can act when time is limited. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Procrastination is something that you don’t naturally haveRead MoreProcrastination Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesI have many flaws, one of which being procrastination. Procrastination has been a flaw of mine since I was three years old just learning to tie my shoe. When my dad told me that we were going to learn to tie my shoes today I would says something like, â€Å"I’m Hungry† or â€Å"I don’t feel too good today†, and I would make these excuses up all day until it was bedtime so by then it was too late to tie my shoes. Now just like avoiding and putting off tying my shoes I also put off my bedtime. As soon as myRead MoreThe Causes Of Procrastination815 Words   |  4 PagesProcrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. It is a common issue most Americans face today. Procrastination can be argued whether or not if it’s caused by choice. There are various factors that lead to procr astination such as; our being brain programmed to procrastinate, feeling like you aren’t in the right frame of mind to do a particular task, and the lack of self-confidence. Procrastination doesn’t happen just because, it is a result of our brain being programmedRead MoreEssay On Procrastination1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I have a ton of homework to do, but let’s go hang out anyways!† This is an example of procrastination. Procrastinating is an action of delaying or postponing something. The problems of procrastinating effects a lot of students in college and can sometimes keep them from receiving better grades on their assignments. Procrastination affects around 90 percent of college students. (qtd in Hubbard) Procrastinating occurs when students feel lack of motivation, not having accountability for their â€Å"extra

Green Tea and Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults Free Essays

Obesity has become a growing health issue which is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, stroke, sleep apnea, and certain cancers (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Maki et al. , 2009; Nagao et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Tea and Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2005). In the United States there are an estimated 72 million overweight or obese adults (as cited in Maki et al. , 2009).Currently, the most effective treatment for obesity is a combination of reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure, yet the most popular treatment is pharmacotherapy (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008, Diepvens, Kovacs, Nijs, Vogels, Westerterp-Plantenga, 2005). Recently, researchers have found antiobesity effects in green tea (Maki et al. , 2009). The objective of this term paper is to depict the claim of green tea and its effectiveness on weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Review of the Literature Overweight and Obese and Weight LossThe basic reasoning of overweight and obese individuals is an imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure (Diepvens et al. , 2005). To achieve weight loss, a negative energy balance must occur and can be achieved by decreased energy consumption or increased energy expenditure (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Genetics may also be linked to obesity in several ways. Genetics may be associated with susceptibility to fat storing and the controllability of food intake (as cited in Shepherd, 2009).It has been inferred that green tea may reduce body weight and increase satiety which will positively effect body composition (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005; Maki et al, 2008; Nagao et al. , 2005). Components of Green Tea Green tea contains two major active ingredients which may be contributed to combating obesity: catechin and caffeine (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that green tea catechins block the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase, thereby stimulating the sympathetic nervous system (Auvichayapat et al. 2008; Belza et al. , 2009). The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for increased thermogenesis, fat oxidation and satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. , 2009). Green tea catechins may also contribute to increased antioxidant, antiviral, antiplaque-forming, anticancer activities, and decreased blood pressure and total cholesterol (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that caffeine may promote thermogenesis and fat oxidation that positively affect body composition (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. 2009; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Caffeine obstructs the degeneration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, leading to increased norepinephrine release (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). The increased norepinephrine may lead to thermogenesis and may enhance satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Effects of Catechin and Caffeine Supplementation on Overweight and Obese Adults Maki et al. (2009) conducted a study to investigate whether green tea catechin intake increased exercise-induced abdominal adiposity loss in overweight and obese adults in the United States. The researchers supported previous claims of green tea catechins’ positive effect on general weight loss, but further investigation was needed to conclude that green tea catechin consumption has a positive effect on body composition and abdominal adiposity. The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial that took place in two clinical research sites – Bloomington, Indiana and St. Petersburg, Florida. The male and female participants were of good general health and sedentary.The participants were between the ages of 21 and 65, had a waist circumference of 87 centimeters or greater (women) or 90 centimeters or greater (men), and a total cholesterol of 5. 2 mmol/L or greater. Participates agreed to consume no more than two caffeinated drinks a day and avoid medication or supplements that contained caffeine or catechin. The eligible participants were randomly assigned a beverage of catechins (625 mg) or a control beverage (0 mg) per day. Both the catechin and control beverage contained the same amount of carbohydrates, sodium, as well as caffeine (39 mg).Since this was a double-blind trial the eligible participants and staff were unaware of the assigned beverages. The eligible participants were asked to maintain caloric consumption, and required to increase their activity level by attending three, one-hour supervised exercise sessions a week for a total of 12 weeks. The Maki et al. (2009) study yielded 107 participates that completed the entire trial and met the set requirements. The average age of the participants was 48 years, about one-half were males (catechin, 49. 2%; control, 55. %), and most participants were of non-Hispanic white ethnicity (91%). Maki et al. (2009) found that the catechin group experienced (P = 0. 079) a greater loss of body weight than the control group at week 12. This supports results of other trials (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. , 2009; Nagao et al. , 2005). The results of the Maki et al. (2009) study showed no difference in percentage changes in fat mass (P = 0. 208) or intra-abdominal fat area (P = 0. 125). However, total abdominal adipose area (P = 0. 013) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose area (P = 0. 19) decreased at week 12 (Maki et al. , 2009). Maki et al. (2009) concluded that catechins (625 mg/day) may have positive effects on exercised-induced loss of abdominal adiposity. Auvichayapat et al. (2008) conducted a randomized, controlled, experimental study to investigate green tea and its effectiveness on weight loss in obese Thais. The study included 60 Thai participates who were between the ages of 40 and 60 and had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater. Forty-two participates were females and 18 were males.The participants were required to have good health history with no current or prior metabolic or systemic diseases and not currently taking prescribed medication. The participants were randomized into two groups, a green tea group and a placebo group. The participants in the green tea group consumed a 250 mg green tea (100 mg catechin) tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The participants in the placebo group also received a tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner containing cellulose which was identical in appearance to the green tea tablets.The participants’ heights were determined by the use of a wall-mounted ruler and body weight was determined by the use of a digital scale. Body mass index was calculated by body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Body fat percentage was measured by the use of a calibrated skinfold calipers. The sum of the triceps, subscapular, and iliac skinfolds were compared based on sex and age from the Jackson study to determine body fat percentage (as cited in Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Resting energy expenditure was measured by the use of the Douglas bag system by indirect calorimetry (as cited in Auvichayapat et al. 2008). The air expired by the participants were analyzed by a computerized data acquisition system from which resting energy expenditure were calculated with the use of Weir’s formula (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Body mass index, body fat percentage, and resting energy expenditure were measured at baseline, and during the fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks of the study. In comparison, the green tea treatment group exhibited a significant difference (P lt; 0. 05) in weight loss during the eighthand twelfth weeks of the study as compared to the placebo treatment group.Auvichayapat et al. (2008) concluded that green tea can increase energy expenditure and therefore increase weight loss in obese Thais. Nagao et al. (2005) conducted a random, double-blind, controlled, experimental 12-week study to examine the effects of catechins on body fat loss. The researchers included 25 healthy Japanese men between the ages of 24 and 46 who ranged from normal to overweight according to body mass index (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The 25 participants were randomly placed into two groups, a catechins group (n = 17) and a placebo group (n = 18).The requirements for the individuals were to consume 90% of the calculated energy intake requirement, to withhold from consuming large amounts of catechins, polyphenols, or caffeine, and to maintain their current level of exercise. Anthropometric measurements and computed tomography were administered by trained physicians at baseline and every four weeks thereafter for the 12-week study. Waist circumference was measured at the umbilical level while the participants were standing in accordance with the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity (Nagao et al. , 2005).The participants’ body fat ercentages were measured by the use of a bioimpedance analyzer and skinfold caliper method. Body fat percentage and lean body mass were derived from the ratio of total body weight to body fat. The skinfold caliper method utilized measurements at the lower end of the scapula and the intermediate region on the lateral side of the arm, and the sum of the two values were recorded. The measurement of fat was calculated by computed tomography. Computed tomography imaging was performed for visceral fat measurement by utilizing FAT SCAN software developed on the method developed by Tokunaga et al. as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The use of the FAT SCAN software, subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area were obtained from abdominal computed tomography image. Subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area were summed together to obtain the total fat area. The results of the Nagao et al. (2005) study showed that the reduction in waist circumference (P lt; 0. 01), skinfold measurements (P lt; 0. 05), and total fat area (P lt; 0. 05) was significantly greater in the catechin group (690 mg) than that of the placebo group.In conclusion, catechins (690 mg/day for 12 weeks) decrease total body fat and may be useful in preventing and combating obesity. Belza et al. (2009) conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled study consisting of 12 healthy and normal weight male participants (age: 23. 7,  ±2. 6 years). Each participant was instructed to maintain their daily dietary and physical activity habits throughout the study. The treatments being analyzed were in the form of tablets containing 500 mg green tea extract (125 mg catechins), 400 mg tyrosine, 50 mg caffeine, or placebo.Each treatment was separated by a minimum of three days. The main focus of Belza et al. (2009) was to examine the compounds tyrosine, green tea extract, and caffeine, and their individual effects on thermogenesis, appetite sensations, and ad libitum energy intake. A ventilated hood that was tested weekly to ensure reliability was used to assess resting metabolic rates of each participant. Participants were instructed to fast the evening prior to, as well as refrain from medication, alcohol, and strenuous physical activity 24 hours before respiratory assessments.A baseline respiratory measurement was acquired for each participant during the first 25 minutes of each assessment. The assessment then continued with 30-minute intervals in which respiratory measurements were recorded for a total of four hours. Each respiratory assessment for each individual was executed on the same time of day and on an identical schedule. The participants’ appetite sensations were analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scales which included subjective questions about sensations of hunger, satiety, prospective consumption, and fullness (Belza et al. 2009). Each participant completed the Visual Analogue Scales prior to the respiratory assessment to obtain a baseline measurement, and subsequently throughout the respiratory assessment. Another test each participant completed was the ad libitum meal. The participants were instructed to consume the ad libitum meal at a constant pace and to terminate consumption when satiety was reached. The amount of ad libitum meal consumed was used as the assessment of ad libitum energy intake. Belza et al. 2009) found that caffeine produced a thermogenic response of 6% above the baseline assessment as compared to the placebo (P lt; 0. 0001). No significant difference was found for thermogenic response with the tyrosine and green tea extract treatments as compared to the placebo (Belza et al. , 2009). Belza et al. (2009) stated that too small of a sample size was tested to conclude any appetite suppressant value of the treatments administered, and additional investigation with a large sample size is needed. Diepvens et al. 2005) administered a study to investigate the effects of green tea and a low-calorie diet on resting energy expenditure and body weight in overweight females. The researchers hypothesized that green tea would increase resting energy expenditure and decrease body weight. The study was an experimental, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trial including 46 overweight females between the ages of 19 and 57 and a body mass index between 25 and 31 kg/m2. All participates were of good health and moderate caffeine-users (200-400 mg of caffeine a day).Two groups were randomly assigned to each treatment: a green tea treatment (n = 23) and a placebo treatment (n = 23). All 46 participants consumed a low-calorie diet consisting of 60% of estimated energy expenditure and consumed three tablets daily (9:00 a. m. , 1:00 p. m. , 6:00 p. m. ) of either placebo or green tea (75 mg caffeine, 375 mg catechins). Diepvens et al. (2005) utilized an open-circuit, ventilated-hood system to assess energy expenditure, as well as fat and carbohydrate oxidation.Anthropometric measurements were assessed using a digital balance (body weight) and a wall-mounted stadiometer (height). BMI was calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by height (m) squared. Diepvens et al. (2005) concluded that there was not a significant difference between the green tea and placebo groups in reducing body weight. Diepvens et al. (2005) contributes the low thermogenic effectiveness of green tea to the low-caloric diet because of the reduction of sympathetic activity caused by the low-caloric diet.The reduced sympathetic activity reduces noradrenalin release which is partially responsible for thermogenesis (as cited in Diepvens et al. , 2005; Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Summary In summary, the effects of green tea on weight loss may be attributed specifically to the catechins and caffeine, the active components of green tea. The researchers found that a positive correlation occurred between the consumption of green tea and energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety which will contribute to the prevention and reduction of obesity.Although several studies found that there was not a significant difference in energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety between the green tea and control groups, there was nevertheless a difference. Perhaps with the long term consumption of green tea, the benefit will be exponentially larger. It is beneficial to note that while the consumption of green tea is not a solution by itself, it can be used as part of the process for weight loss and optimizing health for currently overweight or obese adults.References Auvichayapat, P. Prapochanung, M. , Tunkamnerdthai, O. , Sripanidkulchai, B. , Auvichayapat, N. , Thinkhamrop, B. , †¦ Hongprapas, P. (2008). Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial. Physiology Behavior, 93(3), 486-491. doi:10. 1016/j. physbeh. 2007. 10. 009. Belza, A. , Toubro, S. , Astrup, A. (2009). The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(1), 57-64. doi:10. 1038/sj. ejcn. 1602901. Diepvens, K. , Kovacs, E. M. R. , Nijs, I. M. T. Vogels, N. , Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2005). Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(6), 1026-1034. doi:10. 1079/BJN20051580 Maki, K. C. , Reeves, M. S. , Farmer, M. , Yasunaga, K. , Matsuo, N. , Katsuragi, Y. , †¦ Cartwright, Y. (2009). Green Tea Catechin Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Abdominal Fat Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2), 264-270. doi:10. 3945/jn. 108. 098293. Nagao, T. , Komine, Y. , Soga, S. Meguro, S. , Hase, T. , Tanaka, Y. , Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J of Clin Nutr, 81(1), 122-129. Retrieved from http://www. ajcn. org. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/cgi/reprint/81/1/122. pdf Shepherd, A. (2009). Obesity: prevalence, causes and clinical consequences. Nursing Standard, 23(52), 51-57. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/ehost/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4hid=8sid=44d81a55-f6d5-40b7-808f-239f2569d782%40sessionmgr10 How to cite Green Tea and Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults, Papers

Use Of Information Sources Kellogg Company - Free Sample Solution

Question: Submit the Company's Use of Information Sources assignment. The current business environment provides a plethora of information resources that are essential for companies to develop to understand and reach their customers. In this assignment, you will provide an overview of how your selected company uses these information resources to build their marketing decision support systems and customer relationship management (CRM) environment. Answer: In the current competitive world, a company and their business cannot survive without adequate information. Therefore, it is important for the companies to collect valuable information for their businesses and most of the leading companies such as Kellogg Company have already started collecting useful information for their business. There are various significances of collecting business information. Mainly, the business information is collected for supporting the marketing decision support systems (MDSS) and for strengthening the customer relationship management (CRM). The marketing decision support systems (MDSS) is essential for the modern day companies to take any marketing decisions based upon the coordination of collected systems, techniques and data supported by many advanced tools and technologies (Guelman, Guilln Prez-Marn, 2015). In general, the concept is to gather data or information from various sources such as journals, surveys, audits for making effective marketing decisions. Similarly, CRM or the customer relationship management is also one of the most important aspects of the modern businesses that imply the management or organizational approach towards their customers in terms of marketing, sales, customers support and technical services (Gunasekaran Sandhu, 2010). In case of CRM, it is also important to collect information from various sources regarding the customers to designs, implement and to operate the CRM systems effectively. However, the most important thing is to gather and to consider the sources of the information, which must be valid and reliable for the company. In case of marketing decisions support system, Kellogg Company considers the company accounts, stock analysis, internal report, retail data as internal information sources and government statistics, commercial data, trade publications, surveys, research documents such as publications, journals as the external sources of information. The company various software made using advanced technologies for managing their marketing decisions support systems. As per the software used by Kellogg Company, there is a central marketing information system that has the functionally to upload and to download marketing data including various other advanced features such as marketing intelligence and decisions support analysis. Within the system, there is central database, where the marketing managers and the employees store all the marketing and sales data of Kellogg Company (Investor.kelloggs.com, 2015). The key motive of that system is to develop information based upon the internal records stored by the marketing personnel, marketing research, marketing decisions support analysis and marketing intelligence. The marketing managers of Kellogg Company are using the records inside the system for analyzing, planning, implementing and controlling the marketing strategies. Additionally, the managers not only access information from the database, they also share or distribute and upload the data regarding the implementation and outcome of the marketing strategies (Khodakarami Chan, 2014). The marketing information are consisted with the components of the marketing environment such as the regarding test markets, competitors, customers, marketing channels, macro-environmental forces. These information resources are useful for making marketing related decisions as the statistical, analytical and business intelligence tools and techniques implemented within the marketing information system hel ps to evaluate useful, valid and reliable outcome. Kellogg Company is managing their customer relationship management (CRM) using various software such as Salesforce and their internal CRM tools and technologies. The information resources collected by the company and their CRM systems help generating leads that are mostly valid, reliable and are generating both sales and profit for the company. Therefore, the appropriate usage of information resources with the CRM system helps saving valuable energy and resources in terms of both money and workforce. Kellogg Company is using and is storing all the information resources regarding their customers within their CRM system for further analyzing (La Yi, 2015). The company is using their information resources in a way that it also enabling their system to generate more referrals from their existing customers. In addition, the company is considering the feedbacks of their customers as one of the most useful information resources, which is helping the company to improve their products based upon the outcome and analysis of their CRM system. The main purpose of implementing and controlling the CRM system is to enhance the sales, sales productivity and to increase the accuracy of their forecasts. The company is supporting their CRM systems with the information resources obtained through various sources for evaluating reliable and valid outcome. The company has implemented advanced technologies within their organizational environment to help their employees and staff to access their CRM system from anywhere to upload and download customer related data to enhance the operational efficiency and business performance (Shaji, 2015). Reference List Guelman, L., Guillan, M., Prez-Marn, A. (2015). A decision support framework to implement optimal personalized marketing interventions. Decision Support Systems, 72, 24-32. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2015.01.010 Gunasekaran, A., Sandhu, M. (2010). Handbook on business information systems. Singapore: World Scientific Khodakarami, F., Chan, Y. (2014). Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation. Information Management, 51(1), 27-42. doi:10.1016/j.im.2013.09.001 La, S., Yi, Y. (2015). A Critical Review of Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, Relationship Marketing, and Customer Relationship Management. Korean Marketing Review, 30(1), 53. doi:10.15830/kmr.2015.30.1.53 Shaji, S. (2015). Business and Information Technology Confederacy for Customer Relationship. IBMRD's Journal Of Management Research, 4(1), 41. doi:10.17697/ibmrd/2015/v4i1/6034 Investor.kelloggs.com,. (2015). Kellogg Company - Investor Relations - Business Information - Leadership Team. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://investor.kelloggs.com/investor-relations/business-information/leadership-team/default.aspx